zvulkan/zvulkan-go/steps/20_index_buffer/main.go

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"embed"
	"encoding/binary"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
	"github.com/veandco/go-sdl2/sdl"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/core/v2"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/core/v2/common"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/core/v2/core1_0"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/extensions/v2/ext_debug_utils"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/extensions/v2/khr_portability_enumeration"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/extensions/v2/khr_portability_subset"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/extensions/v2/khr_surface"
	"github.com/vkngwrapper/extensions/v2/khr_swapchain"
	vkng_sdl2 "github.com/vkngwrapper/integrations/sdl2/v2"
	"log"
	"unsafe"
)

//go:embed shaders
var shaders embed.FS

const MaxFramesInFlight = 2

var validationLayers = []string{"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"}
var deviceExtensions = []string{khr_swapchain.ExtensionName}

const enableValidationLayers = true

type QueueFamilyIndices struct {
	GraphicsFamily *int
	PresentFamily  *int
}

func (i *QueueFamilyIndices) IsComplete() bool {
	return i.GraphicsFamily != nil && i.PresentFamily != nil
}

type SwapChainSupportDetails struct {
	Capabilities *khr_surface.SurfaceCapabilities
	Formats      []khr_surface.SurfaceFormat
	PresentModes []khr_surface.PresentMode
}

type Vertex struct {
	X, Y    float32 // Could also be Position Vector2 - as long as Vector2 is a value, not a pointer
	R, G, B float32 // Could also be Color Vector3
}

func getVertexBindingDescription() []core1_0.VertexInputBindingDescription {
	v := Vertex{}
	return []core1_0.VertexInputBindingDescription{
		{
			Binding:   0,
			Stride:    int(unsafe.Sizeof(v)),
			InputRate: core1_0.VertexInputRateVertex,
		},
	}
}

func getVertexAttributeDescriptions() []core1_0.VertexInputAttributeDescription {
	v := Vertex{}
	return []core1_0.VertexInputAttributeDescription{
		{
			Binding:  0,
			Location: 0,
			Format:   core1_0.FormatR32G32SignedFloat,
			Offset:   int(unsafe.Offsetof(v.X)),
		},
		{
			Binding:  0,
			Location: 1,
			Format:   core1_0.FormatR32G32B32SignedFloat,
			Offset:   int(unsafe.Offsetof(v.R)),
		},
	}
}

var vertices = []Vertex{
	{X: -0.5, Y: -0.5, R: 1, G: 0, B: 0},
	{X: 0.5, Y: -0.5, R: 0, G: 1, B: 0},
	{X: 0.5, Y: 0.5, R: 0, G: 0, B: 1},
	{X: -0.5, Y: 0.5, R: 1, G: 1, B: 1},
}

var indices = []uint16{0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0}

type HelloTriangleApplication struct {
	window *sdl.Window
	loader core.Loader

	instance       core1_0.Instance
	debugMessenger ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessenger
	surface        khr_surface.Surface

	physicalDevice core1_0.PhysicalDevice
	device         core1_0.Device

	graphicsQueue core1_0.Queue
	presentQueue  core1_0.Queue

	swapchainExtension    khr_swapchain.Extension
	swapchain             khr_swapchain.Swapchain
	swapchainImages       []core1_0.Image
	swapchainImageFormat  core1_0.Format
	swapchainExtent       core1_0.Extent2D
	swapchainImageViews   []core1_0.ImageView
	swapchainFramebuffers []core1_0.Framebuffer

	renderPass       core1_0.RenderPass
	pipelineLayout   core1_0.PipelineLayout
	graphicsPipeline core1_0.Pipeline

	commandPool    core1_0.CommandPool
	commandBuffers []core1_0.CommandBuffer

	imageAvailableSemaphore []core1_0.Semaphore
	renderFinishedSemaphore []core1_0.Semaphore
	inFlightFence           []core1_0.Fence
	imagesInFlight          []core1_0.Fence
	currentFrame            int

	vertexBuffer       core1_0.Buffer
	vertexBufferMemory core1_0.DeviceMemory
	indexBuffer        core1_0.Buffer
	indexBufferMemory  core1_0.DeviceMemory
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) Run() error {
	err := app.initWindow()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.initVulkan()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer app.cleanup()

	return app.mainLoop()
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) initWindow() error {
	if err := sdl.Init(sdl.INIT_VIDEO); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	window, err := sdl.CreateWindow("Vulkan", sdl.WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, sdl.WINDOWPOS_UNDEFINED, 800, 600, sdl.WINDOW_SHOWN|sdl.WINDOW_VULKAN|sdl.WINDOW_RESIZABLE)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.window = window

	app.loader, err = core.CreateLoaderFromProcAddr(sdl.VulkanGetVkGetInstanceProcAddr())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) initVulkan() error {
	err := app.createInstance()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.setupDebugMessenger()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createSurface()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.pickPhysicalDevice()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createLogicalDevice()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createSwapchain()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createImageViews()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createRenderPass()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createGraphicsPipeline()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createFramebuffers()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createCommandPool()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createVertexBuffer()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createIndexBuffer()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createCommandBuffers()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return app.createSyncObjects()
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) mainLoop() error {
	rendering := true

appLoop:
	for true {
		for event := sdl.PollEvent(); event != nil; event = sdl.PollEvent() {
			switch e := event.(type) {
			case *sdl.QuitEvent:
				break appLoop
			case *sdl.WindowEvent:
				switch e.Event {
				case sdl.WINDOWEVENT_MINIMIZED:
					rendering = false
				case sdl.WINDOWEVENT_RESTORED:
					rendering = true
				case sdl.WINDOWEVENT_RESIZED:
					w, h := app.window.GetSize()
					if w > 0 && h > 0 {
						rendering = true
						app.recreateSwapChain()
					} else {
						rendering = false
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if rendering {
			err := app.drawFrame()
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	_, err := app.device.WaitIdle()
	return err
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) cleanupSwapChain() {
	for _, framebuffer := range app.swapchainFramebuffers {
		framebuffer.Destroy(nil)
	}
	app.swapchainFramebuffers = []core1_0.Framebuffer{}

	if len(app.commandBuffers) > 0 {
		app.device.FreeCommandBuffers(app.commandBuffers)
		app.commandBuffers = []core1_0.CommandBuffer{}
	}

	if app.graphicsPipeline != nil {
		app.graphicsPipeline.Destroy(nil)
		app.graphicsPipeline = nil
	}

	if app.pipelineLayout != nil {
		app.pipelineLayout.Destroy(nil)
		app.pipelineLayout = nil
	}

	if app.renderPass != nil {
		app.renderPass.Destroy(nil)
		app.renderPass = nil
	}

	for _, imageView := range app.swapchainImageViews {
		imageView.Destroy(nil)
	}
	app.swapchainImageViews = []core1_0.ImageView{}

	if app.swapchain != nil {
		app.swapchain.Destroy(nil)
		app.swapchain = nil
	}
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) cleanup() {
	app.cleanupSwapChain()

	if app.indexBuffer != nil {
		app.indexBuffer.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.indexBufferMemory != nil {
		app.indexBufferMemory.Free(nil)
	}

	if app.vertexBuffer != nil {
		app.vertexBuffer.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.vertexBufferMemory != nil {
		app.vertexBufferMemory.Free(nil)
	}

	for _, fence := range app.inFlightFence {
		fence.Destroy(nil)
	}

	for _, semaphore := range app.renderFinishedSemaphore {
		semaphore.Destroy(nil)
	}

	for _, semaphore := range app.imageAvailableSemaphore {
		semaphore.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.commandPool != nil {
		app.commandPool.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.device != nil {
		app.device.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.debugMessenger != nil {
		app.debugMessenger.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.surface != nil {
		app.surface.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.instance != nil {
		app.instance.Destroy(nil)
	}

	if app.window != nil {
		app.window.Destroy()
	}
	sdl.Quit()
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) recreateSwapChain() error {
	w, h := app.window.VulkanGetDrawableSize()
	if w == 0 || h == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	if (app.window.GetFlags() & sdl.WINDOW_MINIMIZED) != 0 {
		return nil
	}

	_, err := app.device.WaitIdle()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.cleanupSwapChain()

	err = app.createSwapchain()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createImageViews()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createRenderPass()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createGraphicsPipeline()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createFramebuffers()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = app.createCommandBuffers()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.imagesInFlight = []core1_0.Fence{}
	for i := 0; i < len(app.swapchainImages); i++ {
		app.imagesInFlight = append(app.imagesInFlight, nil)
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createInstance() error {
	instanceOptions := core1_0.InstanceCreateInfo{
		ApplicationName:    "Hello Triangle",
		ApplicationVersion: common.CreateVersion(1, 0, 0),
		EngineName:         "No Engine",
		EngineVersion:      common.CreateVersion(1, 0, 0),
		APIVersion:         common.Vulkan1_2,
	}

	// Add extensions
	sdlExtensions := app.window.VulkanGetInstanceExtensions()
	extensions, _, err := app.loader.AvailableExtensions()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, ext := range sdlExtensions {
		_, hasExt := extensions[ext]
		if !hasExt {
			return errors.Errorf("createinstance: cannot initialize sdl: missing extension %s", ext)
		}
		instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames = append(instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames, ext)
	}

	if enableValidationLayers {
		instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames = append(instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames, ext_debug_utils.ExtensionName)
	}

	_, enumerationSupported := extensions[khr_portability_enumeration.ExtensionName]
	if enumerationSupported {
		instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames = append(instanceOptions.EnabledExtensionNames, khr_portability_enumeration.ExtensionName)
		instanceOptions.Flags |= khr_portability_enumeration.InstanceCreateEnumeratePortability
	}

	// Add layers
	layers, _, err := app.loader.AvailableLayers()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if enableValidationLayers {
		for _, layer := range validationLayers {
			_, hasValidation := layers[layer]
			if !hasValidation {
				return errors.Errorf("createInstance: cannot add validation- layer %s not available- install LunarG Vulkan SDK", layer)
			}
			instanceOptions.EnabledLayerNames = append(instanceOptions.EnabledLayerNames, layer)
		}

		// Add debug messenger
		instanceOptions.Next = app.debugMessengerOptions()
	}

	app.instance, _, err = app.loader.CreateInstance(nil, instanceOptions)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) debugMessengerOptions() ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfo {
	return ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfo{
		MessageSeverity: ext_debug_utils.SeverityError | ext_debug_utils.SeverityWarning,
		MessageType:     ext_debug_utils.TypeGeneral | ext_debug_utils.TypeValidation | ext_debug_utils.TypePerformance,
		UserCallback:    app.logDebug,
	}
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) setupDebugMessenger() error {
	if !enableValidationLayers {
		return nil
	}

	var err error
	debugLoader := ext_debug_utils.CreateExtensionFromInstance(app.instance)
	app.debugMessenger, _, err = debugLoader.CreateDebugUtilsMessenger(app.instance, nil, app.debugMessengerOptions())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createSurface() error {
	surfaceLoader := khr_surface.CreateExtensionFromInstance(app.instance)

	surface, err := vkng_sdl2.CreateSurface(app.instance, surfaceLoader, app.window)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.surface = surface
	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) pickPhysicalDevice() error {
	physicalDevices, _, err := app.instance.EnumeratePhysicalDevices()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, device := range physicalDevices {
		if app.isDeviceSuitable(device) {
			app.physicalDevice = device
			break
		}
	}

	if app.physicalDevice == nil {
		return errors.Errorf("failed to find a suitable GPU!")
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createLogicalDevice() error {
	indices, err := app.findQueueFamilies(app.physicalDevice)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	uniqueQueueFamilies := []int{*indices.GraphicsFamily}
	if uniqueQueueFamilies[0] != *indices.PresentFamily {
		uniqueQueueFamilies = append(uniqueQueueFamilies, *indices.PresentFamily)
	}

	var queueFamilyOptions []core1_0.DeviceQueueCreateInfo
	queuePriority := float32(1.0)
	for _, queueFamily := range uniqueQueueFamilies {
		queueFamilyOptions = append(queueFamilyOptions, core1_0.DeviceQueueCreateInfo{
			QueueFamilyIndex: queueFamily,
			QueuePriorities:  []float32{queuePriority},
		})
	}

	var extensionNames []string
	extensionNames = append(extensionNames, deviceExtensions...)

	// Makes this example compatible with vulkan portability, necessary to run on mobile & mac
	extensions, _, err := app.physicalDevice.EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, supported := extensions[khr_portability_subset.ExtensionName]
	if supported {
		extensionNames = append(extensionNames, khr_portability_subset.ExtensionName)
	}

	app.device, _, err = app.physicalDevice.CreateDevice(nil, core1_0.DeviceCreateInfo{
		QueueCreateInfos:      queueFamilyOptions,
		EnabledFeatures:       &core1_0.PhysicalDeviceFeatures{},
		EnabledExtensionNames: extensionNames,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.graphicsQueue = app.device.GetQueue(*indices.GraphicsFamily, 0)
	app.presentQueue = app.device.GetQueue(*indices.PresentFamily, 0)
	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createSwapchain() error {
	app.swapchainExtension = khr_swapchain.CreateExtensionFromDevice(app.device)

	swapchainSupport, err := app.querySwapChainSupport(app.physicalDevice)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	surfaceFormat := app.chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapchainSupport.Formats)
	presentMode := app.chooseSwapPresentMode(swapchainSupport.PresentModes)
	extent := app.chooseSwapExtent(swapchainSupport.Capabilities)

	imageCount := swapchainSupport.Capabilities.MinImageCount + 1
	if swapchainSupport.Capabilities.MaxImageCount > 0 && swapchainSupport.Capabilities.MaxImageCount < imageCount {
		imageCount = swapchainSupport.Capabilities.MaxImageCount
	}

	sharingMode := core1_0.SharingModeExclusive
	var queueFamilyIndices []int

	indices, err := app.findQueueFamilies(app.physicalDevice)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if *indices.GraphicsFamily != *indices.PresentFamily {
		sharingMode = core1_0.SharingModeConcurrent
		queueFamilyIndices = append(queueFamilyIndices, *indices.GraphicsFamily, *indices.PresentFamily)
	}

	swapchain, _, err := app.swapchainExtension.CreateSwapchain(app.device, nil, khr_swapchain.SwapchainCreateInfo{
		Surface: app.surface,

		MinImageCount:    imageCount,
		ImageFormat:      surfaceFormat.Format,
		ImageColorSpace:  surfaceFormat.ColorSpace,
		ImageExtent:      extent,
		ImageArrayLayers: 1,
		ImageUsage:       core1_0.ImageUsageColorAttachment,

		ImageSharingMode:   sharingMode,
		QueueFamilyIndices: queueFamilyIndices,

		PreTransform:   swapchainSupport.Capabilities.CurrentTransform,
		CompositeAlpha: khr_surface.CompositeAlphaOpaque,
		PresentMode:    presentMode,
		Clipped:        true,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.swapchainExtent = extent
	app.swapchain = swapchain
	app.swapchainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.Format

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createImageViews() error {
	images, _, err := app.swapchain.SwapchainImages()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.swapchainImages = images

	var imageViews []core1_0.ImageView
	for _, image := range images {
		view, _, err := app.device.CreateImageView(nil, core1_0.ImageViewCreateInfo{
			ViewType: core1_0.ImageViewType2D,
			Image:    image,
			Format:   app.swapchainImageFormat,
			Components: core1_0.ComponentMapping{
				R: core1_0.ComponentSwizzleIdentity,
				G: core1_0.ComponentSwizzleIdentity,
				B: core1_0.ComponentSwizzleIdentity,
				A: core1_0.ComponentSwizzleIdentity,
			},
			SubresourceRange: core1_0.ImageSubresourceRange{
				AspectMask:     core1_0.ImageAspectColor,
				BaseMipLevel:   0,
				LevelCount:     1,
				BaseArrayLayer: 0,
				LayerCount:     1,
			},
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		imageViews = append(imageViews, view)
	}
	app.swapchainImageViews = imageViews

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createRenderPass() error {
	renderPass, _, err := app.device.CreateRenderPass(nil, core1_0.RenderPassCreateInfo{
		Attachments: []core1_0.AttachmentDescription{
			{
				Format:         app.swapchainImageFormat,
				Samples:        core1_0.Samples1,
				LoadOp:         core1_0.AttachmentLoadOpClear,
				StoreOp:        core1_0.AttachmentStoreOpStore,
				StencilLoadOp:  core1_0.AttachmentLoadOpDontCare,
				StencilStoreOp: core1_0.AttachmentStoreOpDontCare,
				InitialLayout:  core1_0.ImageLayoutUndefined,
				FinalLayout:    khr_swapchain.ImageLayoutPresentSrc,
			},
		},
		Subpasses: []core1_0.SubpassDescription{
			{
				PipelineBindPoint: core1_0.PipelineBindPointGraphics,
				ColorAttachments: []core1_0.AttachmentReference{
					{
						Attachment: 0,
						Layout:     core1_0.ImageLayoutColorAttachmentOptimal,
					},
				},
			},
		},
		SubpassDependencies: []core1_0.SubpassDependency{
			{
				SrcSubpass: core1_0.SubpassExternal,
				DstSubpass: 0,

				SrcStageMask:  core1_0.PipelineStageColorAttachmentOutput,
				SrcAccessMask: 0,

				DstStageMask:  core1_0.PipelineStageColorAttachmentOutput,
				DstAccessMask: core1_0.AccessColorAttachmentWrite,
			},
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.renderPass = renderPass

	return nil
}

func bytesToBytecode(b []byte) []uint32 {
	byteCode := make([]uint32, len(b)/4)
	for i := 0; i < len(byteCode); i++ {
		byteIndex := i * 4
		byteCode[i] = 0
		byteCode[i] |= uint32(b[byteIndex])
		byteCode[i] |= uint32(b[byteIndex+1]) << 8
		byteCode[i] |= uint32(b[byteIndex+2]) << 16
		byteCode[i] |= uint32(b[byteIndex+3]) << 24
	}

	return byteCode
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createGraphicsPipeline() error {
	// Load vertex shader
	vertShaderBytes, err := shaders.ReadFile("shaders/vert.spv")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	vertShader, _, err := app.device.CreateShaderModule(nil, core1_0.ShaderModuleCreateInfo{
		Code: bytesToBytecode(vertShaderBytes),
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer vertShader.Destroy(nil)

	// Load fragment shader
	fragShaderBytes, err := shaders.ReadFile("shaders/frag.spv")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	fragShader, _, err := app.device.CreateShaderModule(nil, core1_0.ShaderModuleCreateInfo{
		Code: bytesToBytecode(fragShaderBytes),
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer fragShader.Destroy(nil)

	vertexInput := &core1_0.PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo{
		VertexBindingDescriptions:   getVertexBindingDescription(),
		VertexAttributeDescriptions: getVertexAttributeDescriptions(),
	}

	inputAssembly := &core1_0.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo{
		Topology:               core1_0.PrimitiveTopologyTriangleList,
		PrimitiveRestartEnable: false,
	}

	vertStage := core1_0.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
		Stage:  core1_0.StageVertex,
		Module: vertShader,
		Name:   "main",
	}

	fragStage := core1_0.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
		Stage:  core1_0.StageFragment,
		Module: fragShader,
		Name:   "main",
	}

	viewport := &core1_0.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo{
		Viewports: []core1_0.Viewport{
			{
				X:        0,
				Y:        0,
				Width:    float32(app.swapchainExtent.Width),
				Height:   float32(app.swapchainExtent.Height),
				MinDepth: 0,
				MaxDepth: 1,
			},
		},
		Scissors: []core1_0.Rect2D{
			{
				Offset: core1_0.Offset2D{X: 0, Y: 0},
				Extent: app.swapchainExtent,
			},
		},
	}

	rasterization := &core1_0.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo{
		DepthClampEnable:        false,
		RasterizerDiscardEnable: false,

		PolygonMode: core1_0.PolygonModeFill,
		CullMode:    core1_0.CullModeBack,
		FrontFace:   core1_0.FrontFaceClockwise,

		DepthBiasEnable: false,

		LineWidth: 1.0,
	}

	multisample := &core1_0.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo{
		SampleShadingEnable:  false,
		RasterizationSamples: core1_0.Samples1,
		MinSampleShading:     1.0,
	}

	colorBlend := &core1_0.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo{
		LogicOpEnabled: false,
		LogicOp:        core1_0.LogicOpCopy,

		BlendConstants: [4]float32{0, 0, 0, 0},
		Attachments: []core1_0.PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState{
			{
				BlendEnabled:   false,
				ColorWriteMask: core1_0.ColorComponentRed | core1_0.ColorComponentGreen | core1_0.ColorComponentBlue | core1_0.ColorComponentAlpha,
			},
		},
	}

	app.pipelineLayout, _, err = app.device.CreatePipelineLayout(nil, core1_0.PipelineLayoutCreateInfo{})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	pipelines, _, err := app.device.CreateGraphicsPipelines(nil, nil, []core1_0.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo{
		{
			Stages: []core1_0.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo{
				vertStage,
				fragStage,
			},
			VertexInputState:   vertexInput,
			InputAssemblyState: inputAssembly,
			ViewportState:      viewport,
			RasterizationState: rasterization,
			MultisampleState:   multisample,
			ColorBlendState:    colorBlend,
			Layout:             app.pipelineLayout,
			RenderPass:         app.renderPass,
			Subpass:            0,
			BasePipelineIndex:  -1,
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.graphicsPipeline = pipelines[0]

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createFramebuffers() error {
	for _, imageView := range app.swapchainImageViews {
		framebuffer, _, err := app.device.CreateFramebuffer(nil, core1_0.FramebufferCreateInfo{
			RenderPass: app.renderPass,
			Layers:     1,
			Attachments: []core1_0.ImageView{
				imageView,
			},
			Width:  app.swapchainExtent.Width,
			Height: app.swapchainExtent.Height,
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		app.swapchainFramebuffers = append(app.swapchainFramebuffers, framebuffer)
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createCommandPool() error {
	indices, err := app.findQueueFamilies(app.physicalDevice)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	pool, _, err := app.device.CreateCommandPool(nil, core1_0.CommandPoolCreateInfo{
		QueueFamilyIndex: *indices.GraphicsFamily,
	})

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.commandPool = pool

	return nil
}

func writeData(memory core1_0.DeviceMemory, offset int, data any) error {
	bufferSize := binary.Size(data)

	memoryPtr, _, err := memory.Map(offset, bufferSize, 0)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer memory.Unmap()

	dataBuffer := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(memoryPtr), bufferSize)

	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
	err = binary.Write(buf, common.ByteOrder, data)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	copy(dataBuffer, buf.Bytes())
	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createVertexBuffer() error {
	var err error
	bufferSize := binary.Size(vertices)

	stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory, err := app.createBuffer(bufferSize, core1_0.BufferUsageTransferSrc, core1_0.MemoryPropertyHostVisible|core1_0.MemoryPropertyHostCoherent)
	if stagingBuffer != nil {
		defer stagingBuffer.Destroy(nil)
	}
	if stagingBufferMemory != nil {
		defer stagingBufferMemory.Free(nil)
	}

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = writeData(stagingBufferMemory, 0, vertices)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.vertexBuffer, app.vertexBufferMemory, err = app.createBuffer(bufferSize, core1_0.BufferUsageTransferDst|core1_0.BufferUsageVertexBuffer, core1_0.MemoryPropertyDeviceLocal)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return app.copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, app.vertexBuffer, bufferSize)
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createIndexBuffer() error {
	bufferSize := binary.Size(indices)

	stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory, err := app.createBuffer(bufferSize, core1_0.BufferUsageTransferSrc, core1_0.MemoryPropertyHostVisible|core1_0.MemoryPropertyHostCoherent)
	if stagingBuffer != nil {
		defer stagingBuffer.Destroy(nil)
	}
	if stagingBufferMemory != nil {
		defer stagingBufferMemory.Free(nil)
	}

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = writeData(stagingBufferMemory, 0, indices)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.indexBuffer, app.indexBufferMemory, err = app.createBuffer(bufferSize, core1_0.BufferUsageTransferDst|core1_0.BufferUsageIndexBuffer, core1_0.MemoryPropertyDeviceLocal)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return app.copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, app.indexBuffer, bufferSize)
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createBuffer(size int, usage core1_0.BufferUsageFlags, properties core1_0.MemoryPropertyFlags) (core1_0.Buffer, core1_0.DeviceMemory, error) {
	buffer, _, err := app.device.CreateBuffer(nil, core1_0.BufferCreateInfo{
		Size:        size,
		Usage:       usage,
		SharingMode: core1_0.SharingModeExclusive,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	memRequirements := buffer.MemoryRequirements()
	memoryTypeIndex, err := app.findMemoryType(memRequirements.MemoryTypeBits, properties)
	if err != nil {
		return buffer, nil, err
	}

	memory, _, err := app.device.AllocateMemory(nil, core1_0.MemoryAllocateInfo{
		AllocationSize:  memRequirements.Size,
		MemoryTypeIndex: memoryTypeIndex,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return buffer, nil, err
	}

	_, err = buffer.BindBufferMemory(memory, 0)
	return buffer, memory, err
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) copyBuffer(srcBuffer core1_0.Buffer, dstBuffer core1_0.Buffer, size int) error {
	buffers, _, err := app.device.AllocateCommandBuffers(core1_0.CommandBufferAllocateInfo{
		CommandPool:        app.commandPool,
		Level:              core1_0.CommandBufferLevelPrimary,
		CommandBufferCount: 1,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	buffer := buffers[0]
	_, err = buffer.Begin(core1_0.CommandBufferBeginInfo{
		Flags: core1_0.CommandBufferUsageOneTimeSubmit,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer app.device.FreeCommandBuffers(buffers)

	buffer.CmdCopyBuffer(srcBuffer, dstBuffer, []core1_0.BufferCopy{
		{
			SrcOffset: 0,
			DstOffset: 0,
			Size:      size,
		},
	})

	_, err = buffer.End()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, err = app.graphicsQueue.Submit(nil, []core1_0.SubmitInfo{
		{
			CommandBuffers: []core1_0.CommandBuffer{buffer},
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, err = app.graphicsQueue.WaitIdle()
	return err
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) findMemoryType(typeFilter uint32, properties core1_0.MemoryPropertyFlags) (int, error) {
	memProperties := app.physicalDevice.MemoryProperties()
	for i, memoryType := range memProperties.MemoryTypes {
		typeBit := uint32(1 << i)

		if (typeFilter&typeBit) != 0 && (memoryType.PropertyFlags&properties) == properties {
			return i, nil
		}
	}

	return 0, errors.Errorf("failed to find any suitable memory type!")
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createCommandBuffers() error {

	buffers, _, err := app.device.AllocateCommandBuffers(core1_0.CommandBufferAllocateInfo{
		CommandPool:        app.commandPool,
		Level:              core1_0.CommandBufferLevelPrimary,
		CommandBufferCount: len(app.swapchainImages),
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	app.commandBuffers = buffers

	for bufferIdx, buffer := range buffers {
		_, err = buffer.Begin(core1_0.CommandBufferBeginInfo{})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		err = buffer.CmdBeginRenderPass(core1_0.SubpassContentsInline,
			core1_0.RenderPassBeginInfo{
				RenderPass:  app.renderPass,
				Framebuffer: app.swapchainFramebuffers[bufferIdx],
				RenderArea: core1_0.Rect2D{
					Offset: core1_0.Offset2D{X: 0, Y: 0},
					Extent: app.swapchainExtent,
				},
				ClearValues: []core1_0.ClearValue{
					core1_0.ClearValueFloat{0, 0, 0, 1},
				},
			})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		buffer.CmdBindPipeline(core1_0.PipelineBindPointGraphics, app.graphicsPipeline)
		buffer.CmdBindVertexBuffers(0, []core1_0.Buffer{app.vertexBuffer}, []int{0})
		buffer.CmdBindIndexBuffer(app.indexBuffer, 0, core1_0.IndexTypeUInt16)
		buffer.CmdDrawIndexed(len(indices), 1, 0, 0, 0)
		buffer.CmdEndRenderPass()

		_, err = buffer.End()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) createSyncObjects() error {
	for i := 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++ {
		semaphore, _, err := app.device.CreateSemaphore(nil, core1_0.SemaphoreCreateInfo{})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		app.imageAvailableSemaphore = append(app.imageAvailableSemaphore, semaphore)

		semaphore, _, err = app.device.CreateSemaphore(nil, core1_0.SemaphoreCreateInfo{})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		app.renderFinishedSemaphore = append(app.renderFinishedSemaphore, semaphore)

		fence, _, err := app.device.CreateFence(nil, core1_0.FenceCreateInfo{
			Flags: core1_0.FenceCreateSignaled,
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		app.inFlightFence = append(app.inFlightFence, fence)
	}

	for i := 0; i < len(app.swapchainImages); i++ {
		app.imagesInFlight = append(app.imagesInFlight, nil)
	}

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) drawFrame() error {
	fences := []core1_0.Fence{app.inFlightFence[app.currentFrame]}

	_, err := app.device.WaitForFences(true, common.NoTimeout, fences)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	imageIndex, res, err := app.swapchain.AcquireNextImage(common.NoTimeout, app.imageAvailableSemaphore[app.currentFrame], nil)
	if res == khr_swapchain.VKErrorOutOfDate {
		return app.recreateSwapChain()
	} else if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if app.imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != nil {
		_, err := app.imagesInFlight[imageIndex].Wait(common.NoTimeout)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	app.imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = app.inFlightFence[app.currentFrame]

	_, err = app.device.ResetFences(fences)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, err = app.graphicsQueue.Submit(app.inFlightFence[app.currentFrame], []core1_0.SubmitInfo{
		{
			WaitSemaphores:   []core1_0.Semaphore{app.imageAvailableSemaphore[app.currentFrame]},
			WaitDstStageMask: []core1_0.PipelineStageFlags{core1_0.PipelineStageColorAttachmentOutput},
			CommandBuffers:   []core1_0.CommandBuffer{app.commandBuffers[imageIndex]},
			SignalSemaphores: []core1_0.Semaphore{app.renderFinishedSemaphore[app.currentFrame]},
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	res, err = app.swapchainExtension.QueuePresent(app.presentQueue, khr_swapchain.PresentInfo{
		WaitSemaphores: []core1_0.Semaphore{app.renderFinishedSemaphore[app.currentFrame]},
		Swapchains:     []khr_swapchain.Swapchain{app.swapchain},
		ImageIndices:   []int{imageIndex},
	})
	if res == khr_swapchain.VKErrorOutOfDate || res == khr_swapchain.VKSuboptimal {
		return app.recreateSwapChain()
	} else if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	app.currentFrame = (app.currentFrame + 1) % MaxFramesInFlight

	return nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(availableFormats []khr_surface.SurfaceFormat) khr_surface.SurfaceFormat {
	for _, format := range availableFormats {
		if format.Format == core1_0.FormatB8G8R8A8SRGB && format.ColorSpace == khr_surface.ColorSpaceSRGBNonlinear {
			return format
		}
	}

	return availableFormats[0]
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) chooseSwapPresentMode(availablePresentModes []khr_surface.PresentMode) khr_surface.PresentMode {
	for _, presentMode := range availablePresentModes {
		if presentMode == khr_surface.PresentModeMailbox {
			return presentMode
		}
	}

	return khr_surface.PresentModeFIFO
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) chooseSwapExtent(capabilities *khr_surface.SurfaceCapabilities) core1_0.Extent2D {
	if capabilities.CurrentExtent.Width != -1 {
		return capabilities.CurrentExtent
	}

	widthInt, heightInt := app.window.VulkanGetDrawableSize()
	width := int(widthInt)
	height := int(heightInt)

	if width < capabilities.MinImageExtent.Width {
		width = capabilities.MinImageExtent.Width
	}
	if width > capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Width {
		width = capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Width
	}
	if height < capabilities.MinImageExtent.Height {
		height = capabilities.MinImageExtent.Height
	}
	if height > capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Height {
		height = capabilities.MaxImageExtent.Height
	}

	return core1_0.Extent2D{Width: width, Height: height}
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) querySwapChainSupport(device core1_0.PhysicalDevice) (SwapChainSupportDetails, error) {
	var details SwapChainSupportDetails
	var err error

	details.Capabilities, _, err = app.surface.PhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilities(device)
	if err != nil {
		return details, err
	}

	details.Formats, _, err = app.surface.PhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormats(device)
	if err != nil {
		return details, err
	}

	details.PresentModes, _, err = app.surface.PhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModes(device)
	return details, err
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) isDeviceSuitable(device core1_0.PhysicalDevice) bool {
	indices, err := app.findQueueFamilies(device)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	extensionsSupported := app.checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device)

	var swapChainAdequate bool
	if extensionsSupported {
		swapChainSupport, err := app.querySwapChainSupport(device)
		if err != nil {
			return false
		}

		swapChainAdequate = len(swapChainSupport.Formats) > 0 && len(swapChainSupport.PresentModes) > 0
	}

	return indices.IsComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device core1_0.PhysicalDevice) bool {
	extensions, _, err := device.EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties()
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	for _, extension := range deviceExtensions {
		_, hasExtension := extensions[extension]
		if !hasExtension {
			return false
		}
	}

	return true
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) findQueueFamilies(device core1_0.PhysicalDevice) (QueueFamilyIndices, error) {
	indices := QueueFamilyIndices{}
	queueFamilies := device.QueueFamilyProperties()

	for queueFamilyIdx, queueFamily := range queueFamilies {
		if (queueFamily.QueueFlags & core1_0.QueueGraphics) != 0 {
			indices.GraphicsFamily = new(int)
			*indices.GraphicsFamily = queueFamilyIdx
		}

		supported, _, err := app.surface.PhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupport(device, queueFamilyIdx)
		if err != nil {
			return indices, err
		}

		if supported {
			indices.PresentFamily = new(int)
			*indices.PresentFamily = queueFamilyIdx
		}

		if indices.IsComplete() {
			break
		}
	}

	return indices, nil
}

func (app *HelloTriangleApplication) logDebug(msgType ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlags, severity ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlags, data *ext_debug_utils.DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackData) bool {
	log.Printf("[%s %s] - %s", severity, msgType, data.Message)
	return false
}

func main() {
	app := &HelloTriangleApplication{}

	err := app.Run()
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("%+v\n", err)
	}
}